Voixes is a native Mac app that turns a PDF into a place to think — read it clean, ask it questions, glance at every figure, and discover what to read next. Nothing leaves your Mac.
Activity-dependent elimination of excess synapses is a defining feature of postnatal circuit refinement, yet the cellular machinery that selects which synapses to eliminate remains incompletely understood. Using longitudinal two-photon imaging of CA1 pyramidal neurons in CX3CR1-GFP mice between P15 and P30, we show that microglia engage dendritic spines tagged with complement C3[12] and engulf them through CR3-mediated phagocytosis.
Conditional ablation of microglial CR3 produced a sustained excess of weak, low-GluA1 spines, impaired LTP, and degraded spatial memory in the Morris water maze.
Excess dendritic spines formed in early life are progressively eliminated through synaptic pruning[7], leaving a sparser, more selective set of connections.
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Conditional ablation of microglial CR3 produced a 22% excess of low-GluA1 spines at P30, impaired NMDA receptor-dependent LTP, and degraded performance in the Morris water maze.
Long-term potentiation that requires calcium influx through NMDA receptors. Here it's the functional read-out showing pruned circuits still strengthen normally.
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One of the characteristics of commodity products is that they have narrow profit margins[2]. A significant increase in profits therefore requires a reduction in production cost — most commonly approached through improvements in catalyst lifetime, monomer recovery, and the energy intensity of the polymerization step itself. Recent process-intensification work has begun to revisit the trade-offs between yield, throughput, and downstream purification.
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Spine turnover was quantified from longitudinal two-photon stacks acquired every 48 h. Spines were classified as stable, gained, or eliminated across imaging sessions, then cross-referenced against complement-tagging status at each time point.
We compared the predicted diffusion coefficients against the experimental values from Seki, Song, and Hills. Across the full CULGI database, agreement is within a factor of two for 84% of compounds, with the largest discrepancies occurring for ionised species at high pH.
The systematic bias in the high-D regime is consistent with our prior observation that excluded-volume corrections become non-negligible above 10⁻⁹ m² s⁻¹.
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